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美国留学拟推移民新政:申请绿卡要积分?

热度 11699已有 8208 次阅读2017-8-7 11:21 | 美国留学, 美国教育, 留学教育, 留学政策, 美国政策

出国留学,去往美国留学,美国论文教育网小编提醒大家,美国拟推移民新政:申请绿卡要积分?
  美国总统唐纳德·特朗普2日在白宫为两名参议员提出的一项移民改革草案背书。这一草案主张限制接收移民和难民人数,效仿加拿大和澳大利亚采取积分制,优先接纳高素质申请者成为美国永久居民。
  特朗普说,草案如果形成法律,将会是美国50年来移民体系最重要的改革。
  改革“过时”移民政策
  《改革美国移民政策以促进经济法案》由共和党联邦参议员汤姆·科顿和戴维·珀杜共同起草。草案提出,设立向高素质人才倾斜的积分制度,以取代现行的永久居留权申请程序。
  2015年,美国共发放约100万张绿卡。根据草案内容设计的模型预测,通过控制美国公民的亲属移民等措施,未来10年内美国新移民人数将减半,即每年新移民人数降至50万左右。草案对美国公民的非直系亲属和成年家庭成员移民作出进一步限制,但美国公民的配偶和未成年子女移民仍会受到优待。此外,草案提出,每年接收难民不超过5万人。
  2日,在白宫举行的一场活动上,特朗普批评现行移民政策“过时”,导致大批低收入者移民美国,影响就业,拉低工资水平。他大力称赞这项草案:“能说英语、有一技之长、能养活自己和家庭的人,在这一申请程序中更有竞争力,他们将对我们的经济作出贡献。”
  草案闯关国会有难度
  认为当前移民人数过多的社会团体长期在华盛顿游说,呼吁收紧现行移民政策。名为“数字美国”的反移民组织总裁罗伊·贝克称赞新草案“将比其他任何行动都更能实现特朗普竞选期间的承诺”。
  但路透社分析认为,这项草案在国会获得通过有难度,因为一些共和党资深议员主张推行全面移民改革,而不是简单的一刀切。
  科顿和珀杜强调草案的针对性窄,不会改变现行移民法的全部内容,希望求得两党议员一致支持。他们举例说,草案不涉及持有临时工作签证的人,因而不会影响科技行业和某些商业领域的正常运转。
  但一些共和党议员不认同草案内容。南卡罗来纳州联邦参议员林赛·格雷哈姆说,南卡罗来纳州两大经济支柱农业和旅游业都要依靠移民作为劳动力。
  代表科技行业的组织FWD.us质疑,限制移民将会严重损害美国经济。
  联邦参议员爱德华·马基当天发表声明批判这项草案。声明说,美国是移民国家,移民建设这个国家,为经济增长提供动力,新草案是“对合法移民和难民的惩罚,是对我们长期所秉持价值观的叛离”。
  草案的合理性遭质疑
  美联社在报道中质疑这项草案基础的合理性,指出移民给美国经济注入活力,且近些年的移民素质并不低。
  白宫援引美国哈佛大学一项研究结论,试图证明低收入移民将拉低美国当地人的收入水平。这项研究结果显示,1980年数千名古巴难民涌入迈阿密,导致当地低技能工人的工资下降。这一结论受到争议,许多经济学家认为其研究方法有问题。
  美联社说,大多数经济学家认为,移民对经济做出贡献而并非负担。北卡罗来纳州一项调查发现,政府每投入1美元用于包括非法移民在内的拉丁裔居民的医疗和教育,他们的消费和纳税对当地经济产生11美元回报。
  此外,美国皮尤研究中心2015年的一项研究显示,过去5年进入美国的移民中,41%有大学文凭,相比之下,美国非移民人口拥有大学学历的只有30%;这些移民中18%拥有比学士学位更高的文凭,这一比例更是远远超过美国非移民人口。
  据新华社
  释疑
  移民草案成为法律需多久?
  美国新提出的移民草案,要成为正式法律制度,需要多久?
  根据美国立法程序,联邦议员提出草案后一般会交由国会相关委员会审议,然后送交众议院和参议院投票。草案在两院都获得简单多数支持后即交由总统签字生效,成为正式法案。在实践中,两党博弈将贯穿整个立法程序,因此整个过程可能十分漫长。
  分析人士指出,美国移民改革将面临重重阻力。
  首先,共和、民主两党都有不少议员对改革持反对意见,草案很难获得足够多的支持票。
  其次,由于美国国会在医改、税改等重要议题上都尚未取得进展,移民改革将难以被列入国会优先议程。
  在美国执业20多年的华人律师王志东说,这项移民草案几乎没有可能通过,它与美国国情不符。美国是一个移民国家,这决定了对合法移民设限的法案行不通。
  美国休斯敦大学东亚政治与国际关系副教授李坚强认为,特朗普修改移民政策将给美国国家利益造成损害。减少移民数量将影响劳动力市场的补缺能力,导致国外高科技人才转而投奔其他新产业发展蓬勃的国家,同时,新方案可能刺激美国社会反移民偏激情绪进一步发酵。
  “特朗普支持的移民改革草案是不会通过的,因为这项草案针对的是对美国经济至关重要的群体。”芝加哥移民维权人士帕斯特·洛扎诺说。美国论文教育网整理(http://www.assignmentfirst.com)

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